Hypersensitivity reactions Four Types of Hypersensitivity: 1.Type I Hypersensitivity: Immediate; in allergy, atopy, and anaphylaxis 2.Type II Hypersensitivity: Ab-dependent Cytotoxicity 3.Type III Hypersensitivity: Immune Complex Disease 4.Type IV Hypersensitivity: delayed type/cell-mediated immune responses Type I Hypersensitivity Type II Hypersensitivity Type III Hypersensitivity Type IV Hypersensitivity Local Systemic Phagocytic Inflammatory Antibody Mediated Cellular Dysfunction (Previously Known
Intravenous fluid therapy Provide IV fluid therapy only for patients whose needs cannot be met by oral or enteral routes, and stop as soon as possible. Skilled and competent healthcare professionals should prescribe and administer IV fluids, and assess and monitor patients receiving IV fluids. When prescribing IV fluids, remember the 5 Rs: Resuscitation, Routine
Abnormal Gait Posture Of The Patient During Walking Gait Attitude Of The Patient On Standing Stance Posture Of The Patient In Bed Decubitus Different Types Of Gait Neurogenic: 1.Hemiplegic / Spastic Gait – Hemiplegic Patient (UMN Lesion ) After Recovery 2.Scissors / Spastic Paraplegic Gait [Patient Stands With Crossed Legs (Often With A Stick In
Tremor Involuntary, Repetitive, Oscillatory Movements Of A Part Of The Body Around A Fixed Point. Classification: According To Relationship With Posture 1.Static Tremor Tremor At Rest Coarse In Nature Seen In Parkinsonism 2.Kinetic/ Postural/ Action Tremor Fine In Nature The Patient Is Asked To Outstretch His Hands With Separated Fingers For The Appearance Of Tremor
Trophic Changes 1.Trophic Changes In The Skin & Appendages: Dry/ Rough/ Cold Skin Pigmentation Local Cyanosis/Local Oedema Hypohydrosis (Lack Of Sweating) Hypotrichosis(Fall Of Hairs) Brittle Nails 2.Trophic Ulcers: Trophic Ulcer- Usually Present Over The Heel Or Ball Of The Great Toe Sites Examined- On The Lateral Malleolus Back Of The Heel Of Foot Shoulder Girdles
Plantar reflex The plantar reflex is a reflex occurs when the sole of the foot is excited with a blunt end. The method of elicitation The patient lies supine with extended legs and relaxation of the muscles of the lower limbs. Hold one leg firmly above the ankle joint with your left hand in such
Fatigue It is the excessive tiredness on exertion.The severe form of fatigue is known as ‘exhaustion’. Common Causes 1.Physiological– overwork, insomnia. 2.Pathological– Nutritional Deficiency, Dyselectrolytaemia Congestive cardiac failure (CCF), Hepatic Failure, Uraemia, Malignancy, Immunocompromised States, Sleep-Apnoea Syndrome Myxoedema, Diabetes Mellitus, Addison’s Disease, Thyrotoxicosis Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Post-Viral Infectious States (e.g. Influenza Or Infectious Mononucleosis), Collagen Vascular
Physical Examination of the Abdomen Examiner & Patient Position Examiner Patient On the right side of the Patient 1. Lying on Flat bed.2. Arms on the sides3. Abdomen exposed4. Legs extended during inspection5. Legs bent Quadrants of Abdomen Right upper quadrant Left upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left lower quadrant Regions of Abdomen Epigastric Umbilical
Cardiovascular System Cardinal Symptoms 1. Breathlessness 2. Dyspnoea – Dyspnoea Is An Abnormal Awareness Of Breathing Occurring Either At Rest Or An Unexpectedly Low Level Of Exertion. Orthopnoea – In Patient With Heart Failure Lying Flat Causes A Steep Rise In Left Atrial Pressure, Resulting In Pulmonary Congestion And Severe Dyspnoea. PND – Frank Pulmonary
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