Kidney Stones
Kidney Stones
Classification
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Types
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Constituents
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Seen In
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Calcium Based Stones
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Calcium Oxalate/ Calcium Phosphate
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Radiopaque
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Most Common Kidney Stone
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Hypercalcemia, Hypercalciuria And Hyperoxaluria
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Uric Acid Stones
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Uric Acid
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Radiolucent
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Most Common Radiolucent Kidney Stone
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Gout, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome & Myeloproliferative Disorder
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Struvite Stones
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Magnesium, Ammonium & Phosphate
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Radiopaque
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Staghorn Calculi
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Develop In Alkaline Urine associated with Urea-splitting organism (e.g., Proteus, Klebsiella)
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Cystine Stone
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Cystine
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Intermediate Radiolucency
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Hexagonal Crystals
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Cystinuria
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Clinical Presentation
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Clinical Presentation
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Most of the patients are Asymptomatic
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Most common symptom is Renal or Ureteric colic
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Costovertebral angle pain or Flank pain which can radiate to the Scrotum or Labia
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Hematuria
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Location of Stones
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Pain radiates to
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Pelvis/ Upper third of Ureter
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Testis
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Middle third or Ureter
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Iliac fossa
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Lower third of Ureter
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Inner aspect of Thigh, Scrotum or Perineum
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Imaging
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Imaging
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A Plain X-Ray KUB may reveal the Radiopaque stones.
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Investigation of choice to diagnose Acute Ureteric colic is NCCT.
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Treatment
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Conservative management
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1.Hydration (Plenty of fluids) to increase Urine output
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2.Analgesia
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Indication of Conservative management
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Stone Size ≤ 5mm
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Non-Dilated pelvicalyceal system
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Stone In Distal third Of Ureter
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Downward movement of stone on Repeated scan
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Interventions For Renal Stones
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Interventions For Renal Stones
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1.ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy)
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Curative in 85 % cases
Useful for stones up to 2cm
Contraindications: Pregnancy, Bleeding disorder
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2.PSNL (Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy)
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Indicated in stones > 2cm, ESWL Failure
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3.URS (Ureterorenoscopy)
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Ureteric stones
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4.LSS (Laparoscopic Stone Surgery)
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5.OSS (Open Stone Surgery)
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Prevention
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Prevention of Stones
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1.Maintenance of high urine output (2 to 3 L/d) With Oral Hydration
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2.Low-Salt diet (<2 g/d)
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To download Urology (Surgery) Handwritten Notes for NEET PG, AIIMS, UPSC CMS & Other PG medical entrance exams CLICK HERE
Contents of this Handwritten Notes
1. Kidney & Ureter
2. Urinary Bladder
3. Prostrate
4. Penis & Urethra
5. Testis & Scrotum
» This post is written for the purpose of solving MCQs. Not for other use
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